- edit
- finish
x
---title: CBI_Theatre_Statistics---::: mw-parser-output::: {#toc .toc aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading" role="navigation"}::: {.toctitle dir="ltr" lang="en"}## Contents {#mw-toc-heading}[ ]{.toctogglespan}:::- [[ 1 ]{.tocnumber} [ Manpower ]{.toctext}](#Manpower) - [[ 1.1 ]{.tocnumber} [ Casualties ]{.toctext}](#Casualties)- [[ 2 ]{.tocnumber} [ Infrastructure ]{.toctext}](#Infrastructure)- [[ 3 ]{.tocnumber} [ Industrial Production ]{.toctext}](#Industrial_Production) - [[ 3.1 ]{.tocnumber} [ Retreat into the Interior ]{.toctext}](#Retreat_into_the_Interior)- [[ 4 ]{.tocnumber} [ Supply and Foreign Aid ]{.toctext}](#Supply_and_Foreign_Aid) - [[ 4.1 ]{.tocnumber} [ From the Soviets ]{.toctext}](#From_the_Soviets) - [[ 4.2 ]{.tocnumber} [ Lend-Lease ]{.toctext}](#Lend-Lease) - [[ 4.3 ]{.tocnumber} [ The Hump ]{.toctext}](#The_Hump) - [[ 4.4 ]{.tocnumber} [ The Burma Road ]{.toctext}](#The_Burma_Road) - [[ 4.5 ]{.tocnumber} [ The Stilwell Road ]{.toctext}](#The_Stilwell_Road) - [[ 4.6 ]{.tocnumber} [ Hanoi ]{.toctext}](#Hanoi):::## [ Manpower ]{#Manpower .mw-headline}**The Disposition of Japanese Army Forces in Various War Theatresbetween 1937 and 1941 (in number of divisions)**Year:::War TheatresTotal Strength of the Japanese ArmyChinaJapan and KoreaManchuriaTotal1937163524950 00019382428341 130 00019392579411 240 0001940271112501 350 0001941271113512 110 500Source: Liu, F.F. *A Military History of Modern China: 1924-1949* ,Princeton University Press: New Jersey, 1956, ISBN 0313230129**The Disposition of the Japanese Army Forces in December 1941**TypeChinaPacific and Southeast AsiaManchuriaJapanKorea and FormosaArmy division21 (1)10 (2)1342Mixed brigade or equivalent20 (1)32411Army air squadron1670569Source: Liu, F.F. *A Military History of Modern China: 1924-1949* ,Princeton University Press: New Jersey, 1956, ISBN 0313230129, p.209\(1\) Plus one cavalry group army and one army division at Shanghaiunder the direct command of the Imperial General Headquarters\(2) Plus one special column. Of these ten divisions two were shippedfrom the China theatre.**Japanese Mobilization for Operation Ichigo, 1944**ItemsHenan CampaignHunan-Guangxi CampaignTotalManpower148 000362 000510 000Horses33 00067 000100 000Artillery2691 2821 551Tanks691103794Motor Vehicles6 1009 45015 550Source: Ch\'i, Hsi-Sheng. *Nationalist China at War: Military Defeatsand Political Collapse, 1937-45* , University of Michigan Press:Michigan, 1982, ISBN 0472100181, p. 78**Defection of Chinese to the Japanese puppet in China (1941-1943)**Type194119421943Generals121542Troops500 000Source: Eastman, L. E. et. al. (1991). The Nationalist Era in China:1927-1949. Cambridge University: Cambridge, ISBN 0521385911, p. 137- Puppet armies numbered close to 1 000 000 att he end of the war(3.139)### [ Casualties ]{#Casualties .mw-headline}**Chinese Army Casualties (1940-1943)**Type19401941194219431944Death340 000145 00088 00043 000311 276 (1)Source: Eastman, L. E. et. al. (1991). The Nationalist Era in China:1927-1949. Cambridge University: Cambridge, ISBN 0521385911, p. 137\(1\) Source: (2.81)- Total wartime casualties is 3 211 419 including 1 319 958 dead (3.137)## [ Infrastructure ]{#Infrastructure .mw-headline}- The Chinese government constructed some 2 300 miles of railway track - an increase of 47% over the 1927 trackage (3.41)## [ Industrial Production ]{#Industrial_Production .mw-headline}- The Chinese economy was overwhelmingly agrarian and traditional. In 1933, for example the modern sectore of manufacturing, mining and utilities accounted for only about 3.4% of the net domestic product. 4 out of every 5 Chinese, on the other hand, were employed in agriculture, and produce about 65% of the net domestic product. The farmers lived in appalling poverty, a year of sickness or poor weather. In 1930, China\'s death rate was about the highest in the world, 2.5 times higher than that of the US and markedly higher than that of India (3.36) - however, 1936-37 were bumper harvests, the best in nearly 20 years.```{=html}<!-- -->```- Industry grew at an impressive rate during the period 1927-1936. (3.40) - industry of China (ex Manchuria) grew at an annual rate of 6.7% from 1931-1936 - Electric power doubled during the decade - this compares quite favorably compared to other countries - however, the base upon which production increases were calculated was exceedingly small - China\'s electric-opwer output in 1928 was 880 000 MWH, compared to 5 000 000 in the USSR and 88 000 000 in the USA.```{=html}<!-- -->```- Due to limited military production capacity, the damage of war, and the general shortage of nonferrous metals and explosives, the total Chinese production in the war years amounted to 800 0000 rifles, 87 000 machine guns and 12 000 light mortars. (2.63)```{=html}<!-- -->```- The area that was to become unoccupied China (three-fourths of the nation\'s territory), had: (3.160) - 6% of the nation\'s factories - 7% of the industrial workers - 4% of the total capital invested in industry - 4% of the electrical capacity```{=html}<!-- -->```- By 1944, the entire government controlled area produced anually only 40 134 metric tons of iron, 13 361 metric tons of steel, 40 655 barrels of cement, 4 677 lathes and 14 487 horsepower of motors (2.167) - the output of some minerals including tungsten and tin actually declined drastically - the capacity of China\'s arsenals was reduced to 50% of its prewar level - also in 1944 was Operation Ichigo - hardest hit were factories located in Henan, Hunan and Guangxi, where over 90% of the capacity in some industries was destroyed```{=html}<!-- -->```- Direct taxes constituted only 12% of the gov\'ts cash budgetary receipts in 1943, and barely 5% in 1944 - From 1937-1944, public borrowing (i.e. the public buying bonds from the gov\'t) amounted to only CHI\$15 522 million.**Factories (1) in unoccupied China**1936 and before19371938193919401941194219431944Uncertain date of originTotalNumber of plants established300632094195718661 1381 0495491025 266Capitalization of new plants in 1937 currency (thousands of yuan)117 95022 16686 583120 91459 0319 89614 4863 4197 317487 481factories actually in operation\-\-\-\-1 354\-2 123\-928\-\-Source: Eastman, L. E. et. al. (1991). *The Nationalist Era in China:1927-1949* . Cambridge University: Cambridge, ISBN 0521385911, p. 137\(1\) By official definition, a factory used power machinery andemployed at least 30 workers.### [ Retreat into the Interior ]{#Retreat_into_the_Interior .mw-headline}- equipment of 146 factories, weighting 15 000 tons and accompanied by over 2500 workers was removed from Shanghai as bullets were flying. The destination of most of these factories during the early stage of the war was Wuhan (3.130) - the flight to the interior was resumed after Wuhan was threatened by the Japanese advance - Some factories were shipped by boat across Dongting Lake to Guangxi or western Hunan, others went by rail to Xi\'an and Baoji in Shaanxi - many put on junks and towed up the Yangtze. - Altogether, 639 private factories were removed to the unoccupied areas (abnout three fourthers ultimately resumed production) - equipment from the two large but antiquated iron-and-steel plants at Wuhan, including the Hanyang Steel Works represented a major part of this transshipment (37 000 tons) - In addition, there was the machinery of 115 textile factories weighing 32 000 tons and of 230 machine-making plants weighing nearly 19 000 tons - Joining these factories in flight were 42 000 skilled workmen, 12 000 of whom came with the financial assistance of the government. - the amount of machinery removed, totalling some 120 000 tons was insignificant relative to both the existing industrial plant and nationalist China\'s wartime needs```{=html}<!-- -->```- Frantic efforts by the central government succeeded in salvaging some 600 factories, 120 000 tons of industrial equipment and about 10 000 industrial workers (2.166) - between 1937-1945, the nominal number of industrial plants in the interior increased to 4 400 in 1945, the overwhelming majority of them were very small, had insufficient capital, obsolete machines and their output was both crude and insignificant## [ Supply and Foreign Aid ]{#Supply_and_Foreign_Aid .mw-headline}- In late 1939, the Chinese army of close to 4.5 million had only 1.6 million rifles, 68 782 LMGs, 17 700 HMGs, 5 885 morars, 2 650 pieces of artillery of all description. At end of 1939, China had only 1 532 military vehicles (2.60)- By late 1943, the Chinese army of 3 million men was equipped with only 1 million rifles, 83 000 machine guns, 7 800 trench mortars, and 1 300 pieces of artillery of diverse description (2.64)```{=html}<!-- -->```- During the first 16 months of the war, an estimated 60 000 tons of \[munitions\] were brought in each month through Hong Kong- 700 000 tons reached \[Hankou\] before that city fell into Japanese hands- 2 000 tons a month came in though French [Indochina](/wiki/Indochina "Indochina")- Burma Road supplied about 7 500 tons of American lend-lease goods per month - before this, Germany provided about 60% of Chinese imports and Denmark, Sweden, the USSR and the USA the rest- between May 1941 and April 1942, some 110 864 tons were earmarked for China, and most of it reached its destination- during the next three years, the United States delivered 736 374 tons of material over the \"Hump\" into China, much of it for the support of Chinese-based American Forces.- with an army of 1.5 million fighting on a modest infantry scale, China needed a continuous flow of at least 100 000 tons per month to sustain optimum efficiency.- At full strength, a division\'s monthly ration of provisions was about 270 tons (2.64)**Estimates on Monthly Tonnage Reaching Unoccupied Wartime China**PeriodEstimated Monthly TonnageNotesJuly 1937 to Nov 193862 000Nov 1938 to Nov 19396 8001937 to 193960 000From Soviet Russia by way of OdessaNov 1939 to July 19407 800July 1940 to Oct 19403 800Oct 1940 to Dec 19405 000Early 1941 to Jan 19427 500-10 000May 1945 to June 194528 000Over the Stilwell Road, including the weight of trucksJuly 1945 to Sept 194515 900-23 000Over the Stilwell Road, including the weight of trucksSource: Liu, F.F. *A Military History of Modern China: 1924-1949* ,Princeton University Press: New Jersey, 1956, ISBN 0313230129, p. 157- Pre-1941 Loans to China from other countries: (3.144) - French loaned USD\$5 000 000 to China for the construction of a railway from the [Indochina](/wiki/Indochina "Indochina") border to Nanning in Guangxi - US purchased Chinese silver to increase China\'s purchasing power on the domestic market valued at USD\$ 157 000 000 - In Dec 1938, US and Britain granted loans of US \$25 000 000 and 500 000 pounds (USD\$ 2 000 000) respectively - 1940, US promised credits of \$45 000 000 in 1940 and \$100 000 000 in 1941 - in late 1941, the US began sending armaments and other materiel to China under the terms of the Lend-Lease act (see Lend-Lease)```{=html}<!-- -->```- Pre Pacific war, total foreign credits authorized to China amounted to \$500 million (2.168) - half of it coming from the USSR, mostly in military supplies and services - Nov 1940, the US (for the first time) extends a credit of \$50 million to China for monetary protection and management - American lend-lease to China up to 1941 was only \$26 million compared to the \$1.5 billion sent to her European allies - before the Pacific war, American authorized credits amounted to \$170 million, and UK\'s amounted to \$78 million- of the \$500 million, however, onlt about 4330 million were utilized```{=html}<!-- -->```- by 1942, Soviet aid had dried up (2.168) - However, \$500 million of credits were extended by the US, which became the only important souce of foreign aid for the rest of the war### [ From the Soviets ]{#From_the_Soviets .mw-headline}- During 1937-1939, the USSR supplied a total of about 1 000 planes, 2 000 \'volunteer\' pilots, 500 military advisers, and substantial stores of artillery, munitions and petrol (3.144) - these were provided on the basis of three medium-term, low-interest (3%) credits, totalling USD\$ 250 000 000 - Soviet aid continued until Hitler\'s forced marched into Russia in 1941 - virtually none of the Russian aid was channelled to the Chinese communists.```{=html}<!-- -->```- Between 1937 and 1939, Soviet loans amounted to about \$300 million, Soviet military advisors soon numbered 500, and Soviet delivery of military hardware totalled about 60 000 tons### [ Lend-Lease ]{#Lend-Lease .mw-headline}**American Lend-Lease to China, Monetary Equivalent (millions ofdollars)**PeriodLend-lease Aid%age of Global American Lend-LeaseNotes1941261.719421001.51943490.41944530.419451 1078.0Source: Ch\'i, Hsi-Sheng. *Nationalist China at War: Military Defeatsand Political Collapse, 1937-45* , University of Michigan Press:Michigan, 1982, ISBN 0472100181, p. 64\Some facts on the Burma road and the Hump:### [ The Hump ]{#The_Hump .mw-headline}**Estimates on Monthly Tonnage Travelling Over the Hump**PeriodEstimated Monthly TonnageNotesMay 194280June 1942106Sept 19421 986 (2 000 (3.145))Feb 19433 200(3.145)Apr 19432 500(3.145)June 19433 000July 19435 000Jan 194413 500 (14 500 (3.145))June 194418 200(3.145)Oct 1944\>30 000(2.64)Dec 194434 800(3.145)Jan 194546 000 (46 500 (3.145))June 194558 300July 194573 700Aug 194563 100Sept 194549 200Source: Unless otherwise marked, Liu, F.F. *A Military History of ModernChina: 1924-1949* , Princeton University Press: New Jersey, 1956, ISBN0313230129, p. 157- For the entire year of 1943, only 61 151 tons were flown into China by the ATC \[Air Transport Command\], an amount that would have kept a single American infantry division in operation for only 68 days *after* it had been fully equipped. (2.63-64)```{=html}<!-- -->```- The total tonnage airlifted into China was anbout 650 000 tons, or the equivalent of the cargo capacity of 70 Liberty ships (2.64) - this was about 3.0% of total American lend-lease aid for 1941-1946 inclusive[http://warren421.home.comcast.net/humproute.jpg](http://warren421.home.comcast.net/humproute.jpg){.external.free rel="nofollow"} \"There were 167,285 trips that moved 740,000 tonsof material to support Chinese troops and other Allied forces.\"[http://warren421.home.comcast.net/history.html](http://warren421.home.comcast.net/history.html){.external.free rel="nofollow"}\"Yet, air supply to China increased from three thousand seven hundredtons in 1942 to nearly thirty five thousand tons in October 1944 alone.While that was substantial, still it was insufficient to maintainChina\'s army, let alone its population.\"[http://www.coa-hs.org/tribute/part_seven/part6.htm](http://www.coa-hs.org/tribute/part_seven/part6.htm){.external.free rel="nofollow"}### [ The Burma Road ]{#The_Burma_Road .mw-headline}\"The Allied supply lines were improving by October 1944 capacity on theNorth-east Indian Railways had been raised to 4,400 tons a day from the600 tons a day at the start of the war.\"\"The Allies were forced to increase the tonnage carried by theNortheast Indian Railways to three times their peace time levels. Thiswas only made possible with the use of specialised American railroadunits using American and Canadian locomotives.\"[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Campaign){.external.free rel="nofollow"}\"a. In February: Movement of supplies over the Burma Road totaled justover 13,700 tons or an average of 490 tons a day.\"[http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box2/t16s02.html](http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box2/t16s02.html){.external.free rel="nofollow"}\"Chiang also questioned the level of lend-lease supplies and theirtransportation to China itself. U.S. and Chinese leaders had agreed thatthe Thirty Division plan, approved in 1941, and aid for building a500-plane Chinese air force, would require delivery of at least 7,500tons of supplies per month. Because of production problems in the UnitedStates, however, the War Department was able to forward only 3,500 tonsper month to China through most of the rest of 1942. Although itapproved an additional 1,500 tons per month to U.S. air units in China,for a monthly goal of 5,000 tons, even this supplement was unrealized.\"[http://www.ranger95.com/military_history/asiatic_pacific_theatre/china_defensive.html](http://www.ranger95.com/military_history/asiatic_pacific_theatre/china_defensive.html){.external.free rel="nofollow"}- up to the spring of 1942, the Burma road was moving about 15 000 tons of materials into Kunming every month (2.166)- 8 when the road was lost, China\'s imports of machinery and industrial raw materials came to a complete halt.### [ The Stilwell Road ]{#The_Stilwell_Road .mw-headline}[http://outside.away.com/outside/features/200310/200310_burma_2.html](http://outside.away.com/outside/features/200310/200310_burma_2.html){.external.free rel="nofollow"}### [ Hanoi ]{#Hanoi .mw-headline}- The Chinese were obtaining fully a third of their critically needed imports (in 1940) from the Hanoi-Nanning Railway line until it became occupied by the Japanese.- There was another railway line from Hanoi to Kunmin which also became occupied by the Japanese in the late 1940s.[China Leaders](/wiki/China_Leaders "China Leaders")